Welcome

Sunday, October 24, 2021

Effects of Alloying Element

Dear Readers,

We often used alloy steel during our construction activity especially piping works in Power plants & Refineries. 

Alloys are usually stronger than pure metals, although they generally offer reduced electrical and thermal conductivity. Strength is the most important criterion by which many structural materials are judged. Therefore, alloys are used for engineering construction. The synergistic effect of alloying elements and heat treatment produces a tremendous variety of microstructures and properties. Important properties of Alloy Elements are as follows.

1. Carbon (C) : Carbon is a non-metallic element, It is a very strong austenitizer and increases the strength of steel.

2. Manganese (Mn) : Toughness

3. Chromium (Cr) : Hardness, strength, and Corrosion Resistance

4. Vanadium (V) : Strength and grain growth during heat treatment

5. Sulphur (S) : Residual Element

6. Phosphorous (P) : Residual Element

7. Silicon (Si) : < 0.3% Deoxidizer

8. Molybdenum (Mo) : 1% is for creep resistance. hardenability and strength, particularly at high temperatures.

9. Aluminum (Al) :  Grain refiner, < 0.008% deoxidizer + toughness

10. Nickel (Ni) : Low Temperature applications

11. Copper (Cu) : Used for weathering steels

12. Titanium (Ti) : Grain refiner, used as a micro-alloying element ( Strength and Toughness)

13. Niobium (Nb) : Grain refiner, used as a micro-alloying element ( Strength and Toughness)

14. Tungsten (W) : Stable carbides and refines grain size so as to increase hardness, particularly at high temperatures.

Sunday, August 29, 2021

TORQUE TABLE

 Dear Readers,

Based on my previous posts you may familiar with grades of bolt, torque of bolt, torque calculations and slip factors. However it is a real challenge in construction industry to determine the torque for bolts. Technically it is based on the applications. Some times client mentioned in drawings or you may get it from technical specifications but most of the times both are missed out. Given below is an ideal chart. This is one of my rare collections. Hope it will be very useful to all engineers.

 
For More Details about Torque Click my Previous Post Torque
For More Details about Grade of Bolts Click my Previous Post Grade
For More Details about Torque Calculations Click Calculation
For More Details about Slip Factor/Nut Factor Click Nut Factor

Sunday, July 25, 2021

Stick Welding Tips for Beginners

Dear Readers,

Due to COVID-19, past two months there is no posts.

Though Stick Welding is one of the most common forms of arc welding. To be an effective stick welder, one requires higher skill level and mastery of certain techniques. Here are three important things that a beginner needs to focus on.

1). Power or Current Setting

2). Length of Arc

3). Angle of Travel

4). Manipulation of Electrodes

5). Speed of Travel.

Let us discuss in details

Power or Current Setting

The welding machine allows you to set the current as DC positive, DC negative or AC. Which current you select, solely depends on the electrode you are using. Look for the current specifications mentioned on the electrode packaging. It is advisable to change the applied current, 5 amps at a time, till you reach the optimum current setting required for the operation. If the set current is lower, the electrode will appear sticky whereas, if you apply higher current, the electrode may get scorched.

Length of the Arc

While the fact is that the arc length changes with the change of the electrodes, the general rule of thumb is that the length of the arc should not be greater than the diameter of the metal part of the electrode. If the arc is too short, then the electrode may stick to the metal surface due to low voltage. On the other hand, a larger arc may cause spatter and undercuts.

Angle of Electrodes

The ideal way to hold the electrodes, depends on whether you need to weld on a flat horizontal surface, or on a vertical surface. When welding on a horizontal surface, keep the electrode at an angle of 15 degrees towards the direction of movement. When welding on a vertical surface, tilt it at the same angle away from the angle of movement.

Manipulation of Electrodes

Manipulation of electrodes is nothing but the way the electrodes are moved to produce different results. This is a skill that you can acquire over time, through practice and by observing experienced welders at work. For example, you can manipulate the electrode side-to-side to form a step pattern. When welding along a vertical surface, pay special attention to the sides of the joints to prevent any error.

Speed of Travel

A useful tip to find the ideal speed of moving the electrode further, is to form a weld pool (a pool of molten metal) and then drive the electrodes at a speed such that your electrodes are always at the leading one-third area of the weld pool. If you move very slowly, it will result in "cold-lap" and poor alignment. On the other hand, moving extremely fast can cause an undercut.

For more details about stick welding , please click here

Hope you have enjoyed this post and it is useful for the beginners. 

Sunday, April 25, 2021

Difference Between Steel Sheet vs Steel Plate vs Steel Foil

Dear Readers,

Difference Between Steel Sheet vs Steel Plate vs Steel Foils are as follows. Thickness is a main criteria for all

Metal Foil


Metal foil is a very thin sheet of metal that has been hammered or rolled flat. Metal foils can be made from any type of metal, although the most commonly found foils are aluminum foil and gold foil. Aluminum foil typically has a thickness of .03mm, although any sheet of metal with a thickness of less than 0.2mm is considered a foil.

Steel Sheet


Steel Sheet is any metal that is thicker than a foil and thinner than 6mm, the thickness of a metal plate. Steel Sheet is often used for building structures that do not require durability. It is also often corrugated or diamonded for additional strength without increasing weight. Corrugation is the creasing of the metal at regular intervals to form ridges, and diamonding is the addition of diamond ridges that add structure to the metal.

Steel Plate


Once the steel is more than 6mm thick it is known as steel plate. Steel Plate is used in applications where durability is more important than saving weight. It is used in automobiles where durability is required to pass crash testing.

The Difference

The only difference between sheet and plate steel is the gauge (thickness) of the metal. They both have very different uses, depending on the varying durability and weight requirements for different projects.


Sunday, March 21, 2021

Unit Weight of Parallel Flanged Channel

Parallel flange channels are more commonly known as PFC or C-section. A PFC is a vital part of the structural steels used in the construction of buildings and large-scale steel fabrications. 

The Parallel Flange Channel is praised for its ability to provide increased strength and durability to steel projects. Typically used as columns or as support for floor joists and have a highly desirable load bearing profile. You may also find PFCs used in conjunction with RSJ steel beams, universal columns and all forms of structural steel.

Unit Weight of parallel flanged Channel is as follows

Above table is as per AS/NZS3679.1-300 

For More Details of  Unit Weight of ISMCP Click Here

For More Details of  Unit Weight of ISMC Click Here

For More Details of  Unit Weight of ISLC Click Here

For More Details of  Unit Weight of ISJC Click Here

For More Details of  Unit Weight of Chinese Channel Click Here

Sunday, February 21, 2021

Special Purpose Bolts

Dear Readers,

Typical examples of the bolt for special purposes are as follows:

Stove Bolt

A stove bolt has a round flat head which is beveled on the underside to fit a countersunk hole, it is provided with a slot on the head, as shown in the figure.

For screwing the bolt into a nut by means of a screwdriver. This is used for assemblies where precision is of no great importance, and it is desirable to have the head of the bolt flush with the surface of the work.

Carriage Bolt

Domed, enlarged head shape and Designed to keep bolt from pulling through suitable tool.

This is used for fastening wooden parts together or for fastening metal parts to wood it has squared portion directly under the head to prevent rotating when the nut is tightened or slackened. A carriage bolt is shown in the figure.

Hook Bolt

The hook bolt, shown Fig. is used in semi-permanent fastening in concrete.

This is also used in cases where there is no room for a bolt hole through one of the pieces to be connected, or in cases where a bolt hole would seriously weaken a piece. So the hook bolt is used for attaching shaft hangers to the flanges of joists and girders.

Expansion Bolt 

This type of bolt is used in attaching parts to brick, stone or concrete walls and floors hee bolt has an internally threaded split sleeve which is slipped into a hole made in the wall and then expanded by running in the screw. This is shown in Fig.

Foundation or Rag Bolt

The rag bolt, shown in Fig. is used for fixing into the stone concrete foundation, the head is wider at the bottom than at the top, and is led into a tapered hole. 

The tapered head is cut in an uneven manner (jagged) and moulted lead or sulfur is poured into the taper hole to fill the space between the lead and the stone or the concrete as the case may be. Where great strength is required, four parallel bars or keys are used in addition.

Eye-Bolt

The eye-bolt, shown in Fig. is very commonly used for lifting purpose. It is screwed or turned inside a threaded hole on the top of the machine.

Electric motors and medium and lightweight machinery are equipped with one or more eye-bolt so that they may be readily lifted and moved by an overhead crane.

Friday, January 1, 2021

Happy New Year 2021

Dear Readers,

Wish You a Happy New Year

May this New Year bring you much joy and fun. May you find peace, love, and success. Sending my heartiest New Year to wish for you!

Best Wishes From,
Crane & Crane Man
Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger...

Labels

Abbreviations (27) ABW (1) AC (2) Acre (2) Admixture (3) Alloy Steel (1) Analysis (1) ANSI (1) Anti friction bearing (2) Apothecaries Mass (1) Arc welding (1) Avoirdupois Mass (1) AWG (4) AWS (4) BCR 295 (2) Beam (22) Bearings (5) Blasting & Painting (8) Blogoversary (4) Bolt (8) CAR A/C (1) Cartoon (2) Cement (1) Cent (2) CHANNEL (8) Chequered Plate (1) Chinese (4) Civil (7) Classification (3) Cleaning (4) Cold Rolled Steel (2) Colour Code (1) Column Section (1) Computer (1) Concrete (4) Construction Industry (11) Conversion Table (4) Cooking (1) Crane Rail (2) Cylinders (1) Density (1) DFT (2) Drill bit (1) Drill gauge (1) Drilling (1) Dry Ice (1) EHS (1) Electrical (1) Electrode (1) Ellipcon Steel (1) Elliptical Hollow Section (1) EN 10083-3 (1) EN 10219 (1) Engineer Day (7) Engineering Miracle (2) Environment (1) Equipment (2) ESI (1) European Steel (3) Factory Act (1) fasteners (1) Fibre Rope (4) Fire (1) FLAT (3) floating crane (1) Flood (1) Foil (1) Formula (1) FRP (2) GAUGE (9) General (32) Greetings (9) H-beam (4) Handrail (1) Heavy Weight Beam (1) HeliArc (1) Helmet (2) HEXAGOAN (2) Hollow Rectangle (3) Hollow Square (5) Hollow Steel (10) Hot rolled Steel (30) HR & IR (2) HSFG (1) HSS (9) HT BOLT (1) I-Beam (4) Information (8) Informations (4) Introduce (4) IP (1) IPE (3) IS 1173 (5) IS 1363 (2) IS 1786 (1) IS 3443 (2) IS 4923 (2) IS 808 (15) IS:1732 (1) ISA (2) ISCR (1) ISHB (3) ISJB (4) ISJC (2) ISLB (3) ISLC (2) ISMB (4) ISMC (2) ISMCP (1) ISNT (2) ISSC (2) ISWB (3) JIS G3466 (1) Joints (1) Junior Beam (2) Junior Channel (3) Labour Law (5) Labour Welfare (3) Lamination (1) Land Measurement (2) Light Beam (2) Light Channel (3) LPG Cylinder (1) Man Day (1) Man Hour (1) Man Month (1) Mass (3) Measurement (3) mechanical (1) Metals (7) Mile Stone (2) Music Wire (4) MWG (6) Non-Metal (2) Numbers (3) OCTOGAN (1) Oil (1) Painting (6) Parallel Flange Channel (2) PFC (2) PIPE (4) Piping (4) Planning (2) Plastics (2) Plates (1) Pole (1) PPE (1) Precautions (3) Protection (1) Rain (1) Rebar (1) Reconciliation (2) Reinforcement Rod (1) Reinforcemnt Steel (1) Reo (1) Rigging (9) River on River (1) Rope (7) ROUND (2) RSJ (1) Safety (14) Scale (1) Self Explanatory (5) SEP (5) Serrated Flat (1) Sheet (3) Short cut key (1) Sling (1) Slit Tee (1) Specific Gravity (4) Spoon (1) SQUARE (2) SSPC (1) Steel (21) Steel Beam (7) Steel Section (6) Steel Section Type (5) Stick welding (1) Structural Steel (58) Surface Preparation (8) SWG (5) SWL (1) Technical (9) Tee Section (5) Thanks (7) TIG (1) TIG Welding (1) Tips (2) Tools & Tackles (2) Torque (6) Troy Mass (1) TUBE (2) Turnbuckle (1) UB (2) UC (2) Unit of Mass (1) UNIT WEIGHT (57) Universal Beam (1) universal Column (2) Useful Tips (2) Valve (1) Water (4) Weather (1) Weight (14) Welding (12) Wide Flange Beam (2) Wind (7) Wind Speed (4) Wire Rope (3) Wishes (19) WWD (1)

Contact Form

Name

Email *

Message *

Note

1) I have extracted the information from reference sources which may not be in accordance with the latest Standards - as identified.

2) The data’s are based on a review of various reference sources. For important work please check against quality information sources.

3) The Articles are no way connected to company of author belongs.

4) This Blog will not be liable for any, direct or indirect, consequential or incidental damages or loss arising out of the use of this information.

5) If you have any suggestions or feedback on how this blog can improve it for you, please feel free to e-mail me (engineerdiary@gmail.com) Self will try my best to keep up with it!

6) Paypal account of this site is engineerdiary@gmail.com

7) If your brand/company is keen to work with Engineer Diary for advertisement and sponsorship, you can drop us an email at engineerdiary@gmail.com

8) For More Disclaimer please refer Disclaimer Page