Characteristics of Wind

Dear Readers,

This is continuation with our earlier post of Wind, Now let us see about the effects on sea and land for different type of winds.

Label	Effect on sea	Effects on land
Calm	Sea like a mirror	Calm. Smoke rises vertically.
Light Air	Ripples with the appearance of scales are formed, but without foam crests	Wind motion visible in smoke.
Light Breeze	Small wavelets, still short, but more pronounced. Crests have a glassy appearance and do not break	Wind felt on exposed skin. Leaves rustle.
Gentle Breeze	Large wavelets. Crests begin to break. Foam of glassy appearance. Perhaps scattered white horses	Leaves and smaller twigs in constant motion.
Moderate Breeze	Small waves, becoming larger; fairly frequent white horses	Dust and loose paper raised. Small branches begin to move.
Fresh Breeze	Moderate waves, taking a more pronounced long form; many white horses are formed. Chance of some spray	Branches of a moderate size move. Small trees begin to sway.
strong Breeze	Large waves begin to form; the white foam crests are more extensive everywhere. Probably some spray	Large branches in motion. Whistling heard in overhead wires. Umbrella use becomes difficult. Empty plastic garbage cans tip over.
Near Gale	Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks along the direction of the wind	Whole trees in motion. Effort needed to walk against the wind. Swaying of skyscrapers may be felt, especially by people on upper floors.
Gale	Moderately high waves of greater length; edges of crests begin to break into spindrift. The foam is blown in well-marked streaks along the direction of the wind	Twigs broken from trees. Cars veer on road.
Severe Gale	High waves. Dense streaks of foam along the direction of the wind. Crests of waves begin to topple, tumble and roll over. Spray may affect visibility	Larger branches break off trees, and some small trees blow over. Construction/temporary signs and barricades blow over. Damage to circus tents and canopies.
Storm	Very high waves with long over-hanging crests. The resulting foam, in great patches, is blown in dense white streaks along the direction of the wind. On the whole the surface of the sea takes on a white appearance. The 'tumbling' of the sea becomes heavy and shock-like. Visibility affected	Trees are broken off or uprooted, saplings bent and deformed, poorly attached asphalt shingles and shingles in poor condition peel off roofs.
Violent Storm	Exceptionally high waves (small and medium-size ships might disappear behind the waves). The sea is completely covered with long white patches of foam flying along the direction of the wind. Everywhere the edges of the wave crests are blown into froth. Visibility affected	Widespread vegetation damage. More damage to most roofing surfaces, asphalt tiles that have curled up and/or fractured due to age may break away completely.
Hurricane	The air is filled with foam and spray. Sea completely white with driving spray; visibility very seriously affected	Considerable and widespread damage to vegetation, a few windows broken, structural damage to mobile homes and poorly constructed sheds and barns. Debris may be hurled about.

For More Details about Wind Speed Click Here

For More Details about Wind Direction Click Here

For More Details about Beaufort scale Click Here

 

Know Your PAN Card

Dear Readers,

 

Wish You a Happy May Day- 2016

 

PAN card is one of the important identity card used for identification of person, company, firm and etc., It is required in construction industry during screening process for workmen and company. How to read PAN Card, Each letter and number is having some identification. Let us see about PAN card.

 

 

PAN is a 10 digit alpha numeric number, where the first 5 characters are letters, the next 4 numbers and the last one is a letter again. These 10 characters can be divided in to five parts as can be seen above. The meaning of each number has been explained further.

1. First three characters are alphabetic series running from AAA to ZZZ

2. Fourth character of PAN represents the status of the PAN holder.

     • C — Company

     • P — Person

     • H — HUF(Hindu Undivided Family)

     • F — Firm

     • A — Association of Persons (AOP)

     • T — AOP (Trust)

     • B — Body of Individuals (BOI)

     • L — Local Authority

     • J — Artificial Juridical Person

     • G — Government

3. Fifth character represents first character of the PAN holder’s last name/surname.

4. Next four characters are sequential number running from 0001 to 9999.

5. Last character in the PAN is an alphabetic check digit.

Classification of Locomotives

Dear Readers,

We are regular traveler through railways, how many of us noticed the letters mentioned in engines? And what is the abbreviation of the same? Let us discuss about the classification of locomotives.

Locomotives are classified according to their track gauge, motive power, the work they are suited for and their power or model number. Each locomotive Class Name will consist of three or four alphabets followed by a number and then an optional alphabet or two. Each of these letters can be said to be a “slot”, which can be filled by a predefined set of alphabets or numbers to denote some characteristic of the loco. The Class Name can be found painted on the front, back and sides of the loco.

 The first letter denotes the track gauge. The second letter denotes their motive power (Diesel or Electric) and the third letter denotes the kind of traffic for which they are suited (goods, passenger, mixed or shunting). The fourth letter used to denote locomotives' chronological model number.

The first letter (gauge)

W – Indian broad gauge (the "W" Stands for Wide Gauge - 5 ft 6 in)

Y – Meter gauge (the "Y" stands for Yard Gauge - 3 ft or 1000mm)

Z – Narrow gauge (2 ft 6 in)

N – narrow gauge (toy gauge) (2 ft) 

The second letter (motive power)

D – Diesel

C – DC electric (can run under DC overhead line only)

A – AC electric (can run under AC overhead line only)

CA – both DC and AC (can run under both AC and DC overhead line); 'CA' is considered a single letter

B – Battery electric locomotive (rare) 

The third letter (job type)

G – Goods

P – Passenger

M – Mixed; both goods and passenger

S – Shunting (also known as switching engines or switchers in the USA and some other countries)

U – Multiple units (EMU/DMU)

R – Railcars 

The Fourth Number – Power/Version and Fifth Letter – The Subtype

This number is called “Series” denotes different things for Diesels and Electrics. This number denotes the Horsepower rating of the engine as multiples of 1000 hp. So a 2 will denote a locomotive with an engine with more than 2000 – 3000 hp power rating for Diesel engines. However all Electrics and all non-BG locomotives, the Series notation just denotes the chronological version/model of the locomotive.

The fifth and in most cases the last letter is called a “Subtype” and is the most confusing of all. It can be a letter or a number and may arbitrarily denote anything from power rating to unique factors of the loco. The subclass annotation will be letters denoting incremental hp power in multiples of 100. “A” denotes 100 hp added to the 3000 hp, “B” denotes 200 hp, “C” is 300 hp, “F” denotes 600 hp and so on. 

For example, in "WDP4D":

"W" means broad gauge

"D" means diesel motive power

"P" means suitable for passenger service

"4D" means the locomotive's power is 4,400 hp ('4' stands for 4000 hp, 'D' denotes 400 hp more) 

Or, in "WAP 5":

"W" means broad gauge

"A" mean AC electric traction motive power

"P" means suitable for Passenger service

"5" denotes that this locomotive is chronologically the fifth electric locomotive model used by the railways for passenger service.

Hope All are enjoyed this article. Wish you All the Best and Have a Nice Day