Welding Terms Part-5 (I, J & K)

Dear Readers,

This is continuation of Part-4. This article will be a valuable resource for anyone looking to enhance their knowledge of the Welding Works.

Impact Test – A test in which one or more blows are suddenly applied to a specimen. The results are usually expressed in terms of energy absorbed or number of blows of a given intensity required to break the specimen.

IMPREGNATED-TAPE METAL-ARC WELDING – An arc welding process in which fusion is produced by heating with an electric arc between a metal electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained from decomposition of impregnated tape wrapped around the electrode as it is fed to the arc. Pressure is not used, and filler metal is obtained from the electrode.

Inclined Position – In pipe welding, the pipe axis angles 45 degrees to the horizontal position and remains stationary.

Incomplete Fusion – A weld discontinuity where fusion did not occur between weld metal and the joint or adjoining weld beads.

Incomplete Joint Penetration – A condition in a groove weld where weld metal does not extend through the joint thickness.

Indentation – In a spot, seam, or projection weld, the depression on the exterior surface or surfaces of the base metal.

Induction Brazing – A process in which bonding is produced by the heat obtained from the resistance of the work to the flow of induced electric current and by using a nonferrous filler metal having a melting point above 800 ºF (427 ºC), but below that of the base metals. The filler metal is distributed in the joint by capillary attraction.

Induction heating – Induction heating is the process of heating an electrically conducting object (usually a metal) by electromagnetic induction, through heat generated in the object by eddy currents.

Induction Welding – A process in which fusion is produced by heat obtained from resistance of the work to the flow of induced electric current, with or without the application of pressure.

Inert Gas – A gas that normally does not combine chemically with the base metal or filler metal.

Infrared radiation – Electromagnetic energy with wavelengths from 770 to 12000 nanometers.

Intergranular Penetration – The penetration of filler metal along the grain boundaries of a base metal.

Intermetallic – A term used to describe a compound material composed of two or more metals or of a metal and a nonmetal.

Intermittent Weld – An intermittent weld, also called a skip weld, consists of a series of welds placed on a joint, with unwelded spaces between each of the welds.

Inter-pass Temperature – In a multi-pass weld, the temperature of the weld area between passes.

Inverter – A power source for welding machines that is much more efficient than the normal transformers.

Ionization Potential – The voltage required to ionize (add or remove an electron) a material.

ITP – Inspection Test Plan. (Similar to FQP). It's a plan that lists what tests and inspections should be performed throughout each phase of a project.

Jig – Jigs hold the metal or steel you are working on in place as you are fabricating. They can be steel clamped with a vice or C-clamp, bolts tack-welded to a table, or very elaborate frames.

Joined buildup sequence – The order in which the weld beads of a multiple-pass weld are deposited with respect to the cross section of the joint.

Joint – The junction of members or the edges of members that are to be joined or have been joined.

Joint design – The joint geometry together with the required dimensions of the welded joint.

Joint efficiency – The ratio of the strength of a joint to the strength of the base metal (expressed in percent).

Joint geometry – The shape and dimensions of a joint in cross section prior to welding.

Joint penetration – The minimum depth a groove or flange weld extends from its face into a joint, exclusive of reinforcement. Joint penetration may include root penetration.

Joint welding procedure – The materials, detailed methods and practices employed in the welding of a particular joint.

Kerf – The width of the cut produced during a cutting process.

Keyhole – A technique of welding in which a concentrated heat source penetrates completely through a workpiece forming a hole at the leading edge of the molten weld metal. As the heat source progresses, the molten metal fills in behind the hole to form the weld bead.

Kilogram (kg) – The kilogram or kilogramme (SI unit symbol: kg) is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI).

kW (Kilowatts) – A kilowatt is simply 1,000 watts, which is a measure of power. Primary kW is the actual power used by a power source when it is producing its rated output. Secondary kW is the actual power output of a welding power source.

Abbreviations Used in Construction Industry - Part 3 (G to L)

Dear Readers, 

This is continuation of Part-2. Successful project delivery includes both written and oral communication is more important. For communication it is mandatory to understand the acronyms and terms used in construction industry. 

Meanwhile, construction project management acronyms help streamline communication and increase efficiency between project managers, contractors, and other stakeholders.

151) GA – General Arrangement. A general arrangement drawing (GA drawing) is a contract document, which records information needed to understand the general arrangement structural elements on a project.

152) Galv. – Galvanized.

153) Gantt Chart – A Graphical Representation of a Construction Project Schedule, Showing Tasks, Dependencies, and Durations.

154) GC (General Contractor) – A Company That Manages and Coordinates the Construction Process from Start to Finish.

155) GCC – General Contract Clauses. It is a part of tender documents.

156) GCW – General Civil Works.

157) GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) – An electrical safety device that protects against electrical shock.

158) GI – Galvanised Iron.

159) GL – Ground Level.

160) Glazing – The Installation of Glass in Windows, Doors, And Skylights.

161) GMAW – Gas Metal Arc Welding. and flux cored arc welding (FCAW). sometimes referred to by its subtypes metal inert gas (MIG) and metal active gas (MAG)

162) GMP- Guaranteed Maximum Price – This is the maximum amount of labour, materials, and profit costs that a contractor can charge for a project.

163) GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) – A technology used for subsurface imaging in construction.

164) Grading – The Process of Creating a Level Surface on a Construction Site.

165) GRP – Glass Reinforced Plastic / Polymers / Polyester.

166) GTAW – Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. Also known as tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding.

167) GWL – Ground Water Level.

168) Hardscaping – The Design and Construction of Non-Vegetative Elements in Outdoor Spaces, Such as Patios, Walkways, And Retaining Walls.

169) HL – High Level.

170) HR – Human Resources.

171) HRS – Hot Rolled Steel.

172) HSE / EHS / SHE – Health, Safety & Environment. 

173) HSFG – High Strength Friction Grip. One type of fastener.

174) HSS – Hollow Structural Section.

175) HT – High Tensile.

176) HV – High Voltage.

177) HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) – The Systems and Components of a Building That Provide Heating, Cooling, and Air Circulation.

178) ICE – Institution of Civil Engineers.

179) ICT – Institute of Concrete Technology

180) ID/OD- Inside Diameter/Outside Diameter – For piping, the inside diameter refers to the width of the pipe opening. The outside diameter is the sum of the inside diameter and twice the pipe wall thickness.

181) IDCT – Induced Draft Cooling Tower.

182) IFB – Information for Bidders. It is a sealed bidding process used when a department has a clear description of the project scope, requirements, and proposer qualifications.

183) IFC – Issued for Construction. “IFC” means the Contractor's Documents to be issued for construction of the Works that have been subject to all necessary approvals, verification, certification and release of applicable Hold Points required under this Contract.

184) IIE – Institute of Industrial Engineers.

185) IL – Invert Level.

186) In. – Inch.

187) IPS flooring – IPS flooring stands for Indian patent stone flooring, it is a basic type of flooring which provides good wearing properties.

188) ITB – Invitation to Bid. It is an official document issued by a project owner that targets contractors to solicit bids for a construction project. The ITB provides all bidders with information about the project including scope, duration, submission guidelines and minimum qualifications.

189) ITP – Inspection Test Plan. (Similar to FQP). It's a plan that lists what tests and inspections should be performed throughout each phase of a project.

190) ISBL – Inside Battery Limit. It is the barricading of work limits.

191) ISO – International Organisation for Standardisation

192) ISO Drg. – Isometric Drawing used for Piping works.

193) IoT (Internet of Things) – The Integration of Devices with Internet Connectivity to Collect and Exchange Data.

194) JCB – J C Bamford (plant manufacturer) Construction equipment manufacturer. World leaders in backhoe loaders and telehandlers.

195) JCR – Job Cost Report.

196) JD – Job Detail or Job Description. This is a written summary of the responsibilities, activities, qualifications, and skills required for a job position.

197) Jt. – Joint. 

198) JV – Joint Venture. JV is a business arrangement in which two or more parties agree to pool their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a specific task. This task can be a new project or any other business activity.

199) Kg. – Kilogramme.

200) KoM – Kick Off Meeting. (KoM) was to create the basis for a smooth project development, to review the overall Project timetable and to fine tune the work of the Consortium. After welcoming the participants, the meeting agenda was approved by the Consortium.

201) KPI – Key Performance Indicators. It is a measurable and quantifiable metric used to track progress towards a specific goal or objective.

202) kW – Kilowatt.

203) LC – Letter of Credit. A Letter of Credit (LC) is a document that guarantees the buyer’s payment to the sellers. It is issued by a bank and ensures timely and full payment to the seller.

204) LD – Liquidated Damages – While drafting a contract, these are damages for an injured party to collect compensation for a breach of contract. In construction contracts, a contractor is often charged LDs for each day that a project goes beyond the agreed-upon completion date.

205) Landscaping – The Design and Construction of Outdoor Spaces, Including Plants, Trees, And Other Vegetation.

206) LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) – A Certification System Recognizing Best-In-Class Building Strategies and Practices.

207) LHS – Left Hand Side.

208) Lifecycle Cost Analysis – The Analysis of The Total Cost of a Construction Project Over Its Lifetime.

209) LL – Live Load.

210) LMP – Labour, Material, Plant and Machinery. These are the basic requirements of Resources.

211) LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas. It is natural gas that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transport.

212) LOA – Letter of Authorisation. It is a legal document in which the executing party makes certain assertions to a service provider about their authorization.

213) LOD (Level of Detail) – The Level of Detail Required in a Construction Document or Model.

214) LOI – Letter of Intent. Letter of Intent is a document declaring the preliminary commitment of one party to do business with another party.

215) LOP – Loss of Pay.

216) LOTO – Lock-Out, Tag-Out. This is a set of procedures that are used to ensure that equipment or systems are shut down, inoperable, and (where relevant) de-energized prior to any maintenance or repair work.

217) LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas. Also called liquid petroleum gas is a flammable blend of hydrocarbon gases applicable for fuel in heating, cooking, and automotive appliances.

218) Lqd. – Liquid.

219) LS – Lumpsum – Strictly speaking, a lump sum is a single payment of money instead of payment instalments.

220) LTI – Lost Time Injury. (LTI) is something that results in a fatality, permanent disability, or time lost from work. It could be as little as one day or a shift off work being lost, or months of rehabilitation.

Time & Change Management

Dear Readers,

When you have promoted from your current position, your income, facilities and responsibilities will raise. Simultaneously, your working team size will also grow. You will connect with more people than ever before.

As all these grow, the essential ingredient, time does not grow. It is used to be 24 hours and it's the same now.

So, it creates a lot of pressure. A compulsion develops to produce maximum results in a short period of time and the nature of work is also changing.

As we move up the ladder of an organization, our work habits change and our work ethic also changes. However, there is still involvement in that old activities, what we had so far. It is little difficult to break free from that old assignments/works immediately. Even if someone has been hired/assigned to deal with the old work. We like to interrupt again because of these habits.

Thus wastes his time and ours as well. Except ourselves, there is no one else to do the work for the new responsibility. Hence, note that another job or responsibility can be taken up only after leaving the old job or responsibility.

Let us See the scenario in any industry.

Initially a worker duty is to produce goods. As he performed well, respecting his skill and hard work, the company promotes him and appoints him as a supervisor.

With the new position comes along with new responsibilities, like training others and supervising them, he needs to spend more time on these. Apart from this, he may require some time for planning activities of production (Works), strengthening the relationships with other departments, etc.

When the next promotion makes him as a manager, the responsibilities of this position require a different kind of performance from him. Now he spends more time on planning, overseeing coordinated operations, preparing his subordinates to handle more responsibilities. The previous supervisory function and direct involvement in production should be reduced (avoided).

The work is still different when the next management level is reached like strengthening external contacts and their relations. Duties such as analyse the market, Prepare and formulate appropriate growth strategies and preparing for the company's next phase of growth will become the main task.

If you want to spend more time on exclusive activities in the respective levels, it can only be done if other duties are avoided.

There is no change in the fact that there are 24 hours in a day. However, many people do not feel like leaving other duties aside.

He wants everyone to think that he is important, that’s why he doesn't want to tell anyone that he can't.

All this combined with the desire to make everyone happy reduces the amount of time available for specific tasks.

This means that time management is really self-management. By managing our activities, we can manage time.

Whether we like it or not, this moment won't stop. We have a choice to change with something, with what to change, but not to change. That is why we should be careful.

Some people exchange their time with the comfort of sleeping. Still others substitute it for entertainment, recreation and amusement. Some others alternate with noble actions and actions that result in great accomplishments.

Hence, time Management and changes are more important in professional life.