Two standard manufacturing methods are used in FRP laminate construction as an overwrap for thermoplastic piping systems: Filament Winding and Contact Molding (hand lay-up).
Pipes and fittings of Type D, as per DIN 16965 / 966 standards, consist of a Chemical Barrier Layer (CBL) with a minimum thickness of 2.5 mm and a structural layer filament-wound from woven roving, Chopped Strand glass mats, and unidirectional woven roving. Additionally, there is a bonding layer that connects the thermoplastic liner to the FRP structure. The top layer serves as exterior protection and includes a resin layer with paraffin wax and UV protection.
Below figure
shows CBL, Structural layer, top layer.
For Chemical barrier layer (CBL): Chemical barrier layer consists of Resin-rich layer with a gelcoat veil and chopped strand mats. It is having resin content 75 ± 5% and Glass content 25 ± 5%.
Structure layer:
This layer is the primary structural portion of the laminate and is designed to
withstand the loads caused by pressure, wind, seismic and other conditions. It
consists of alternating layers of chopped strand.
Structured layer
for pipes: Filament winded from roving, Chopped strand mats and woven roving. It
will have resin content 40 ± 5% and Glass content 60 ± 5%.
Structured layer for fittings: Laminated from Chopped Strand mats and woven roving. It is having resin content 45 - 65% and Glass content 35 - 55%.
Top layer /
Outer Surface Layer: The top veil is used for protection against all weather conditions, UV radiation, and chemical reactions. If the outer surface of a laminate is to be exposed to a corrosive environment, a veil layer or a chopped strand layer may be added over the structural layer for additional protection. The outer surface can also be pigmented for color designation if necessary.
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